Switzerland Economy

Sometimes I like to dream of Switzerland as being a little island of exceptionalism in the world, but alas, the morning alarm bell is unforgiving. Despite prospects of a gold currency or taking a leadership position in criticizing ridiculous US tax policies, we must remember that Swiss fiscal and financial culture is anything but “neutral” or independent, as their international politics are known to be. In fact, the educational qualifications of the Swiss financial and government elite, as well as their close relations with international counterparts, just about guarantees a similar tainting of economic thinking with Keynesianism.

                                 Switzerland's economy over all going very good. From starting its GDP is going not well but now a days it is going very well. About 2009 it is going to downward. Q! and Q3 shows the negative slope of real GDP. But in 2010 and 2011 real GDP going upward 10Q1,10Q3 and 11Q1,11Q3 show the positive slope.

economy and trade : Argentina

Primary Industry

Argentina is rich in natural resources with a geological and climatic situation particularly suitable for developing forestry, agriculture, mining and fisheries. It also boasts of large petroleum, gas and uranium reserves.

Agriculture: Argentina is famous for its agricultural production. With over 54 million head of cattle, Argentina’s beef is renowned around the world. Annual production of cereals and oilseeds exceeds 70 million tonnes, which makes Argentina one of the main exporters of these products and their derivatives. One of the country's largest sheep grazing regions, which is also one of the largest regions for growing fruit and vegetables, is found in Patagonia, in the south. The typical farms associated with this production are surprisingly similar to those found in Australia.

Mendoza on the western border is the centre of wine production. Argentina is the worlds fifth-largest producer of wine. Most Argentineans drink wine with every meal, a traditional custom introduced by the European immigration. Exports are continually growing,

Mining: The Andean Mountains provide Argentina with rich mineral deposits. Some of the minerals which are being mined at present are, copper, tin, lead, zinc, gold, silver, and uranium. The main exploitation of copper and gold, Minera de la Alumbrera, in the Province of Catamarca, is an Australian venture.

Gas and Oil: are important resources being increasingly exported to the neighbouring countries and to the world market. Together with mining products they make out for 15% of total exports.

Manufacturing Sector

The industrial sector includes manufacturing and construction. Among Argentina’s manufactured goods are processed food, textiles, clothing, metallic and non-metallic mineral products, wood products, paper, pharmaceutical products, chemicals and petrochemical products, aluminium, steel, cars, electrical machinery and appliances, machine tools, turbines, cranes, agriculture machinery, and space and nuclear products.

Construction, engineering and consultancy activities have developed to an important stage, extending to the Latin-American market and other countries.

Transport

Land: Public transport includes buses, railways and subways. Most of Argentina's goods are transported by truck although railways are becoming increasingly important in the transportation of domestic cargo.

Air: The most widely-known national airline is Aerolineas Argentinas which has been operating for more than 60 years. It covers nearly all the domestic routes and has also an important continental and inter-continental network. There are also other private airlines that have been growing in recent years. Aerolineas Argentinas offers three direct flights a week between Sydney and Buenos Aires, with a short stopover in Auckland, New Zealand.

Water: There are numerous coastal and international ocean and river companies that offer freight or passenger transport. Several Ocean Lines serve the route between Australian and Argentinean ports.

Communications

Postal and telecommunications services are run by private enterprises which have been operating in free competition since the beginning of 2000. The first post office opened in 1814. Satellite tracking stations and digital technology provide domestic and international telephone communications linked to every country in the world. There are about 40 television stations and 200 radio stations in Argentina.

Export

Argentina's exports, which reached 30 billion $US in 2003, are composed of 24% primary agricultural commodities, 13% fuels and minerals, 36% processed agricultural products and foodstuffs, and 27% industrial products.

Ukraine economy overview

Ukraine economy can be classified as developed economy, given its overall level of industrial and agricultural output. However, the economy of Ukraine suffered because of various weaknesses deriving from overcentralized command economy during Soviet period.

Ukraine economy past

Large and inefficient state-owned factories, enterprises and collective farms wasted resources and emphasized quantity over quality. Prices were arbitrarily set, and consumer goods were often in short supply. Excessive spending on the military hurt the civilian economy, while technological development lagged in the civilian sphere.

Ukraine market economy

For the last years Ukraine is moving to market economy, where the forces of supply and demand and private ownership guide the allocation of resources. The transition to market economy is politically and socially difficult because the populace must endure rising inflation, unemployment, and economic uncertainty before it experiences the long-term benefits of market economy.
In addition, Ukraine redefines its economic relations with Russia and other former Soviet republics. As a way of safeguarding its political independence and limiting its economic vulnerability, Ukraine has its own national currency, called the hryvnia, from 1992. The economic reforms also cut military production and convert military factories and technologies to benefit the civilian economy and the populace.

Ukraine economy real GDP dynamics 1998-2006

Ukraine economy consumer prices dynamics 1994-2006

News, notes and thoughts:

23 September, 2011  / Ukraine and Russian nuclear fuel maker TVEL agreed to build a nuclear fuel plant in Kirovograd oblast. Ukraine also plans a second nuclear fuel plant, with the US firm Westinghouse Electric. This would give Ukraine leverage for obtaining better prices and conditions with its Russian partners.
21 September, 2011  / Ukraine in August 2011 boosted steel production by 5.3% compared to August 2010, to 2.8 million tonnes, placing it ninth on the ranking of the 64 main steel producers compiled by the World Steel Association.
19 September, 2011  / Ukraine plans to reduce next year's budget deficit to 2.5% of gross domestic product from 3.5% in 2011. It is necessary to receive third tranche of a $15.6 billion standby loan from International Monetary Fund.

Ukraine economy: Agriculture

Historically, Ukraine is well known for its agricultural production. Among its main agricultural products are sugar beets, wheat, meat, and dairy products. Other crops include barley, corn, rye, and tobacco.
Most Ukraine farms are very large state-owned farms of more than 8,000 acres (3,000 ha). Smaller private plots have historically been the most productive throughout the former Soviet Union, and their importance should grow in the future.

Ukraine economy: Resources

Ukraine mineral resources have played an important role in supporting Ukraine industrial development and in providing for its energy needs. During the 1980s nuclear power also became a significant source of electrical power, accounting for about 25% of Ukraine’s electricity.
The accident at Chernobyl power station in 1986, however, created strong opposition to nuclear power in Ukraine, and efforts are now being made to phase out reliance on nuclear energy.

Ukraine economy: Industries

Ukrainian major industries are metalworks, machine building, construction, chemicals, food, and light industry. Ukraine is a major producer of steel and iron. Ukraine accounted for 33% of Soviet steel and iron production. About one-third of its industrial manufacturing comes from machine-building sector, which produces tractors, machine tools, and mining equipment.
Transportation vehicles manufactured by Ukraine economy include cars, trucks, buses, railway cars, diesel locomotives, airplanes, and ships.
The chief output of Ukrainian chemical industry is fertilizer, while Ukrainian food industry is involved with sugar refining, meat packaging, food canning, and wine production. Among consumer goods produced are television sets, refrigerators, washing machines, and clothes.

Ukraine economy: Transportation system

Overall, Ukraine has a well-developed and diverse transportation system. Ukrainian railroad network is extensive and links major cities with industrial enterprises. Waterways such as Dnepr River and Black Sea and Azov sea, and their port cities, play an important role in shipping.
Ukrainian highway system comprises about 147,000 kilometers (91,000 miles) of paved roads. Ukrainian subway systems exist in Kiev and Kharkov. There are major airports near Kiev (at Boryspil), Kharkov and Odessa cities.

Ukraine economy: Export and Import

Ukrainian major exports include grain, sugar beets, coal, construction equipment, and select manufactured goods.
The primary Ukrainian import items are oil, natural gas, wood products, rubber, and consumer goods. Some of Ukraine major trading partners are Russia, Poland, USA, Hungary, Germany, France, and Iran. Ukraine is seeking to reduce its economic ties with Russia.

Ukraine economy export and import 1996-2006